Linguagem enquanto Discurso conforme Michel Foucault: Uma revisão de literatura / El lenguaje como discurso desde Míchel foucault: una revisión delaliterarura / Language as Discourse according to Michel Foucault: Aliterature review

Este estudo se propõe a mostrar que o francês Michel Foucault, em todas as suas obras, oferece ferramentas para que sejam compreendidos, sob diferentes óticas, os problemas da sociedade por meio de interpretações sobre o viver humano. O objetivo dessa revisão de literatura é entender de que forma o discurso organiza as vozes dos sujeitos, como reelabora os discursos proferidos e os faz circular segundo Foucault. Apresenta-se conceitos básicos da Análise de Discurso iniciada na França por Michel Pêcheuxem 1969. O estudo percorre as obras em idas e vindas, com apoio em vários autores como Pêcheux e Mainguineauque ajudam na compreensãoe na aproximação entre método, teoria e prática.Conclui-se que a obra de Michel Foucault assinala que tudo o que é criado como saber oferece inúmeras possibilidades de recriação e está em permanente processo de transformação AU

Este estudio tiene como objetivo mostrar que el francés Michel Foucault, en todas sus obras, ofrece herramientas para comprender, desde diferentes perspectivas, los problemas de la sociedad a través de interpretaciones del vivir humano. El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura comprender cómo el discurso organiza las voces de los sujetos, cómo reelabora los discursos pronunciados y los hace circular según Foucault. Presenta conceptos básicos del Análisis del Discurso iniciado en Francia por Michel Pêcheux en 1969. El estudio recorre las obras, con el apoyo de varios autores como Pêcheux y Mainguineau que ayudan a comprender y unir método, teoría y práctica. Se concluye que la obra de Michel Foucault destaca que todo lo creado como conocimiento ofrece innumerables posibilidades de recreación y se encuentra en un permanente proceso de transformación AU

This study aims to show that French Foucault, in all his works, offers tools to understand, from different perspectives, the problems of society, through interpretations of human living. The objective of this literature review is to understand how discourse organizes the subjects' voices, how it reworks the speeches given and makes them circulate according to Foucault. It presents basic concepts of Discourse Analysis initiated in France by Michel Pêcheux in 1969. The study goes back and forth through the works, with support from several authors such as Pêcheux and Mainguineau who help in understanding and bringing together method, theory and practice. It is concluded that Michel Foucault's work highlights that everything created as knowledge offers countless possibilities for recreation and is in a permanent process of transformation AU

How identity is produced and experienced in the context of mandated community-based mental health care: An application of the theories of Grosz and Foucault.

Despite changes to research and practice, that, to some degree, acknowledge that people are shaped by their contexts, the treatment of mental illness remains largely focused on interventions that take place at the level of the individual. Conceptualizing mental illness as something that resides in individuals can lead to reliance on neurobiological and psychotherapeutic solutions, and away from conversations about not only contextual causes of mental distress, but also sociopolitical solutions to mental distress. Further, it can lead to the use of mental health interventions that focus on the biology of an individual without a consideration for how those interventions themselves may have psychological, social, or political consequences that act to shape an individual's identity, agency, and relationship to their community. This paper examines one medicolegal intervention, the community treatment order, using the philosophical work of Grosz and Foucault to consider how this intervention affects the experience and construction of identity, and the impact of this on an individual's sense of agential membership in a community. This discussion aims to increase understanding of the individual and social implications of interventions for mental illness, and provide a conceptualization of the relationship between identity, agency, and ethics which can inform critical research and nursing practice more broadly.

Care for the Self as Government Strategy in Ecovillages / Cuidado de Si como Estratégia de Governo em Ecovilas

ABSTRACT Based on participant observations in two ecovillages the objective of this paper is to uncover the processes of subjectivation embedded in the care for the self in ecovillages that contribute to individual and community development. Our analysis led to the following conclusions: 1) even in different countries, care for the self and others is a government strategy of the ecovillages and had many similarities; 2) work individual issues are a crucial aspect to live in a community, and 3) the infrastructure and demography are important to understanding the processes of subjectivation in the communities. Our analysis also indicates that some level of government is crucial for helping people to take care of themselves.

RESUMO Com base nas observações participantes em duas ecovilas, o objetivo deste artigo é desvelar os processos de subjetivação presentes no cuidado de si e dos outros em ecovilas e como ele contribui para o desenvolvimento individual e comunitário. A análise que realizamos levou às seguintes conclusões: 1) mesmo em diferentes países, o cuidado de si e dos outros é uma estratégia de governo das ecovilas e têm diversas semelhanças; 2) trabalhar as questões individuais é um aspecto crucial para se viver em comunidade; e 3) a infraestrutura e a demografia são importantes para a compreensão dos processos de subjetivação nas comunidades. Nossa análise também indica que algum nível de governo é crucial para ajudar as pessoas a cuidarem de si.

"Following Anne Lister: Continuity and queer history before and after the late nineteenth century".

This article addresses the question of whether Anne Lister can be considered a lesbian through a reassessment of how the modern period is conceptualized within the history of sexuality. Returning to the original texts that first defined the history of sexuality project, the article emphasized that those texts indicate that the mechanisms of biopower and identity formation based on cultural texts undergo their most significant shift in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries, rather than in the late nineteenth. The formation of sexuality as a disciplinary mechanism, and identities based on it, originated in the late nineteenth century, but many of the mechanisms through which this occurred were in operation earlier. Much of what is now known about gender and sexuality in the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries was unknown at the time that the history of sexuality project was first formulated, leading to a starker divide being drawn between the late nineteenth century and earlier periods than is warranted. This article argues that the example of Anne Lister can lead to a better appreciation of the continuities in how cultural texts shaped understandings of desire from the early eighteenth century forward.

Ecos pandêmicos: as mudanças nas rotinas dos/as discentes, a prática da alteridade e a ética do cuidado de si / Pandemic Echoes: the changes in the students routines, practice of otherness and ethics of self care / Ecos pandémicos: cambios en las rutinas de los estudiantes, la práctica de la alteridad y la ética del autocuidado

Ser estudante de Educação Física em tempos de pandemia. Os impactos da pandemia de covid-19 na rotina de estudantes e as estratégias, limitações e possibilidades para lidar com o ensino remoto emergencial. A partir das experiências divididas em uma roda de conversa, em um evento nacional da área, propomos a reflexão sobre as adversidades que interferem na rotina dos alunos e alunas. Desde suas tarefas diárias pré-pandêmicas, até as novas demandas impostas devido às implicações causadas pela pandemia. Pautadas em conceitos de Michel Foucault, busca articular-se a alteridade, tendo em vista as singularidades de adaptação ao momento atual. Salientando a importância de criar um espaço de fala franca entre os/as envolvidos/as no processo de ensino. Assim, foi produzida a roda de conversa, com o intuito de viabilizar este espaço, produzindo novos modos de dizer sobre os/as discentes e o curso de Educação Física.

Being a physicial education student in pandemic times. The pandemic effects in students' routines, the strategies, limitations and possibilities to deal with the emergency remote teaching. From the experiences that were shared in a conversation, in a P.E national event, a reflection was proposed about the adversities that interfere in the life of those students. Including their previous daily tasks, and also the new demands wich were imposed by the pandemic. Based on concepts of Michel Foucault, otherness is sought, considering the singularities involved in the adaptation to the current moment. Emphasizing the importance of creating spaces where everyone involved on the teaching and learning process can be honest to each other. Thereby, a discussion was developed in order to enable this moment, creating new ways of speaking about the P.E graduation and it's students

Ser estudiante de educación física en tiempos de pandemia. Los impactos de la pandemia de covid19 en la rutina de los estudiantes y las estrategias, limitaciones y posibilidades para hacer frente a la educación remota. A partir de las experiencias divididas en una rueda de conversación, en un evento nacional en la zona, nos proponemos reflexionar sobre las adversidades que interfieren en la rutina de los estudiantes. Desde sus tareas diarias previas a la pandemia, hasta las nuevas demandas impuestas por las implicaciones provocadas por la pandemia. A partir de los conceptos de Michel Foucault, busca articular la alteridad, en vista de las singularidades de la adaptación al momento actual. Destacando la importancia de crear un espacio de conversación franca entre los involucrados en el proceso de enseñanza. Así, se produjo la rueda de conversación con el fin de habilitar este espacio, produciendo nuevas formas de hablar sobre los estudiantes y el curso de educación física.

Smart energy systems beyond the age of COVID-19: Towards a new order of monitoring, disciplining and sanctioning energy behavior?

The Corona pandemic has led to the increased use of online tools throughout society, whether in business, education, or daily life. This shift to an online society has led social scientists to question the extent to which increased forms of control, surveillance and enforced conformity to ways of thinking, attitudes and behaviors can be promoted through online activities. This question arises overtly amidst a pandemic, but it also lurks behind the widespread diffusion of smart energy systems throughout the world and the increased use of smart meters in those systems. The extent to which forms of monitoring, disciplining and sanctioning of energy behavior and practices could come to reality is thus an important question to consider. This article does so using the ideas of Michel Foucault, together with research on smart energy systems and current trends in energy policy. The article closes with a discussion of energy democracy and democratic legitimacy in the context of possible effects of smart technologies on community energy systems.

Energy Communities and the Tensions Between Neoliberalism and Communitarianism.

The convergent development of (renewable) distributed electricity sources, storage technologies (e.g., batteries), 'big data' devices (e.g., sensors, smart meters), and novel ICT infrastructure matching energy supply and demand (smart grids) enables new local and collective forms of energy consumption and production. This socio-technical evolution has been accompanied by the development of citizen energy communities that have been supported by EU energy governance and directives, adopting a political narrative of placing the citizen central in the ongoing energy transition. But to what extent are the ideals that motivate the energy community movement compatible with those of neoliberalism that have guided EU energy policy for the last four decades? Using a framework inspired by Michel Foucault's idea of governmentality, we analyze the two political forms from three dimensions: ontological, economic and power politics. For the ontological and the economic dimensions, neoliberal governmentality is flexible enough to accommodate the tensions raised by the communitarians. In the dimension of power politics however, the communitarian logic does raise a fundamental challenge to neoliberal governmentality in the sense that it explicitly aims for a redefinition of the 'common good' of society's energy supply based on democratic premises.

What if Michel Foucault was Alive or Herculine Barbin was in Istanbul?

In 1976, the eminent philosopher Michel Foucault encountered a work written by the 19th century forensic scientist, Auguste Ambroise Tardieu, in the archives of the French Department of Public Hygiene. Tardieu's Question médico-légale de l'identité (1872) discusses the role of forensic science in the assignment of sex. The second edition of the book, which consists of fragments from the memoirs of Herculine Barbin, an intersex person (known as "hermaphrodite" at the time), was published in 1874, accompanied by the full text of Barbin's handwritten memoirs. In the wake of his discovery of Tardieu's work and Herculine's memoir, Foucault edited the book, Herculine Barbin, dite Al exina B., consisting of the medico-legal documents, results of medical examinations, court documents, and press reports pertaining to Barbin's life in 1978. Two years later, when Foucault wrote an introduction to the book that was translated into English, Herculine's life reached a larger audience. Today, hundreds of books and articles in various disciplines, notably in queer and gender studies, refer to Herculine Barbin's name. The book edited by Foucault was published in Turkish last year, which was 41 years after its original publication. The Turkish edition of the book is significantly important because it introduces the reader to another forgotten name, Dr. Ibrahim Sevki. Ibrahim Sevki, an Ottoman physician, had already discovered the memoirs of Herculine Barbin about a hundred years ago before Foucault, and published it along with Tardieu's work in Turkish in 1885. This article aims to evaluate a 150-year-old story, within its historical context, and present Dr. Ibrahim Sevki whose work was discovered by the historian, Ebru Aykut, and introduced to the field of neuropsychiatry.

Social factors in understanding illness behaviour of women with Type 2 diabetes mellitus in Jammu, North India.

AIMS: Females in the South Asian region form a deprived community in diabetes management, and if we narrow it down to the Indian context, the situation is even grimmer. This necessitates an exploration of the socio-cultural factors, in the form of personal perception of the respondents, responsible for diabetes management among women. METHODS: Data for the present study were collected at Government Medical College (GMC) Hospital, Jammu (India). In total 41 female respondents suffering from diabetes, for more than two years, were interviewed by using an unstructured interview schedule. Field research consisted of purposive sampling method and observation which took place in the out-patient department and in-patient department of the Department of Medicine, GMC. RESULTS: Results show that the biggest challenge posed by diabetes management for women is to take care of household expenses amid treatment demanded by this disease. Results were looked at from social constructivist point of view which revealed that socially constructed notions about disease have a major role to play in its management. CONCLUSION: These women opt for different mechanisms for diabetes management which may or may not be recommended by their diabetologist; however, their personal beliefs have maximum role to play in disease management.

A re-evaluation of the modern psychiatric hospital from the standpoint of the Kyoto school's critique of modernity.

Michel Foucault defines the modern psychiatric hospital as an institution of power that excludes and disciplines those who are deemed immoral, perverse, or abnormal in society. Rather than a facility for healing, as Foucault has taught us, the psychiatric hospital operates more as a punitive method of the body. But what is not considered in Foucault's historical account of the psychiatric institution are the epistemological preconditions that allowed for its original formation. Drawing on the Kyoto School philosophers' critique of modernity, this article will discuss how the biomedical model underlying modern psychiatric care is rooted in a prior epistemological duality that was developed even earlier within Western intellectual history-a duality we will call the "epistemology of nihilism." Foucault's political technology of the body is therefore a symptom of the epistemology of nihilism, that which leads to consequences beyond mere panoptical surveillance. This article will discuss such consequences, in particular the mechanization of human life derived from the excesses of scientific technology, in the service of introducing a new way of thinking about the limits of psychiatric treatment in today's world.

Health Promotion Practices and Michel Foucault: A Scoping Review.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze Health Promotion (HP) practices in different settings worldwide, presented in studies that employed the Foucauldian framework. DATA SOURCE: Scoping review performed on LILACS, MEDLINE, IBECS, BDENF, SciELO, CINAHL, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus databases. STUDY INCLUSION AND EXCLUSION CRITERIA: We included original articles, review articles, reflection articles, and case studies published in English, Portuguese, and Spanish, which addressed HP practices, analyzed using the Foucauldian framework. DATA SYNTHESIS: In the numerical synthesis, the characteristics of the included studies were described: number of studies, types of method, year of publication, characteristics of the study population, origin countries, and the HP practices addressed in the articles. The thematic synthesis was organized according to the nature of the HP practices presented and the Foucauldian analysis matrix used. RESULTS: The review covered 34 studies, published between 2006 and 2019, whose analysis resulted in 2 thematic synthesis: 1) HP as a biopolitical strategy in the neoliberal context; 2) HP as an expression of resistance and counter-conduct, presenting tensions, struggles, and power games. CONCLUSION: The field of HP mostly consists of governmentality practices that reinforce the neoliberal health perspective. Some practices show resistance and counter-conduct in the face of governmentality practices, which explains the power relationships in the field of HP.

The functions of an asylum: an analysis of male and female admissions to Essex County Asylum in 1904.

BACKGROUND: Contrasting historical views represent the asylum as a manifestation of humanitarian and therapeutic progress or as an institution of social control designed to bolster the capitalist economic order. More extreme critics suggest it was used to incarcerate people exhibiting only political or social deviance. METHODS: Case notes of 200 consecutive male and female admissions to the Essex County Asylum in 1904 were inspected. The nature of presentations was classified in contemporary terms into broad categories of disorder. Outcomes were identified and differences between men and women were explored. RESULTS: We found no evidence that patients were admitted without signs of significant mental and behavioural disturbance. In total, 44% of admissions had signs of an organic condition, and these were more frequent among men. Women were admitted at a faster rate and were 1.6 times more likely to have mania or a psychotic disorder. Overall, 45.5% of patients were discharged, with 62% of patients with non-organic disorders discharged recovered or improved. CONCLUSIONS: Evidence partially supports both views of the asylum. In line with other studies, there is no evidence that the asylum was used to incarcerate people who did not show significant signs of disorder, but it did provide care and containment for those who could not be accommodated elsewhere, including many with organic conditions. The asylum also had a therapeutic orientation, however, and encouraged discharge where possible. In contrast to some other studies, women were more likely to be institutionalised than men, possibly reflecting their greater economic dependency.

Planetary Confinement: Bio-Politics and Mutual Aid.

Michel Foucault's modes of power (sovereign, disciplinary and bio-politics) have dominated both our understanding of power and norm. It is pretty impossible to think of the organisation of life outside his thinking. Here I argue that the idea and practice of mutual aid, articulated by Peter Kropotkin in his 1902 book Mutual Aid (2009) stirs us towards a different understanding of the management of life, bereft of hierarchies and bestowed with co-operation and care. Moreover, as I argue, the existence of mutual aid groups and practices challenges the very idea of the norm. This has become even more apparent during the Covid19 pandemic with the surfacing of mutual aid groups globally. It is therefore rather misleading to understand our present as generator of the 'new normal'; such claims are mere rhetorical devices aiming at keeping us in our place.

Política e origem: abordagens sobre poder, resistência e direito em Michel Foucault e Hannah Arendt / Política y origen: abordajes sobre poder, resistencia y derecho en Michel Foucault y Hannah Arendt / Politics and origin: approaches to power, resistance and law in Michel Foucault and Hannah Arendt

O presente artigo propõe tematizar as abordagens dos pensadores Hannah Arendt e Michel Foucault sobre a origem da politicidade e os pressupostos historiográficos jacentes em suas respectivas teorias políticas (ventiladas pela análise preambular do paradigma do nascimento e da vida). Nesse afã, procura relacionar os diferentes enfoques sugeridos com certas possibilidades de resistência política aventadas pelos mesmos autores. Em consequência, resulta avistar condições de possibilidade para (re) pensar a problemática do poder político pela maneira como se pensa a temática da história e as possíveis temporalidades inerentes a ela. Importa, em outras palavras, enxergar qual a relação que uma determinada noção histórica de origem política tem com a maneira de se pensar determinados fenômenos jurídico-políticos e seus modos de agenciamento. (AU)

This article seeks to thematicize the approaches of the thinkers Hannah Arendt and Michel Foucault to the origin of politicalness and the historiographic assumptions underlying their respective political theories (vented by a prefatory analysis of the paradigm of birth and life). We seek to relate the different approaches with the certain possibilities of political resistance put forward by these authors, identifying opportunities to (re)think the problem of political power based on ways of thinking about history and its inherent temporalities. In other words, it is important to see the relationship between a given historical notion of political origin and the way of thinking about given legal-political phenomena and their modes of agency. (AU)

El presente artículo propone plantear como temas los abordajes de los pensadores Hannah Arendt y Michel Foucault sobre el origen de la politicidad y las presuposiciones historiográficas yacentes en sus respectivas teorías políticas (mostradas a partir del análisis previo del paradigma del nacimiento y de la vida). En ese afán, se busca relacionar los diferentes enfoques sugeridos con ciertas posibilidades de resistencia política para (re)pensar la problemática del poder político a partir de la manera como se piensa la temática de la historia y las posibles temporalidades inherentes a ella; lo que importa, en otras palabras, el ver cuál es la relación que una determinada noción histórica de origen político tiene con la manera de pensar determinados fenómenos jurídico-políticos y sus modos de gestión. (AU)

Dos direitos dos governados em Michel Foucault / About the rights of the governed in Michel Foucault / Los derechos de los gobernados en Michel Foucault

Nosso artigo procura pensar os direitos dos governados em Michel Foucault como uma crítica à governamentalidade e à biopolítica. Em um primeiro momento, é apresentada uma breve exposição sobre as possíveis correlações entre uma história política da governamentalidade e os processos de condução das condutas produzidas por práticas refletidas de governo, a partir de Foucault. Em um segundo momento, destacamos a emergência da biopolítica e dos modos de condutas do liberalismo e do neoliberalismo, na formação do que Foucault chama de modulação de modos de subjetivação tipicamente econômicos. O terceiro momento do artigo é dedicado a pensar as insurreições dos direitos dos governados como estratégias de resistências aos processos de governamentalização da vida. Nossas considerações finais apontam para os tensionamentos das insurreições dos governados como uma forma de vida contrária às diretrizes econômicas da governamentalidade e da biopolítica, por meio do que Foucault chama de política espiritual da revolta.

This papper seeks to think of the governed rights in Michel Foucault as a critique of governmentality and biopolitics. At first, a brief exposition is presented about the possible correlations between a political history of governmentality and the conduction processes of behavior produced by reflected practices of government from Foucault. Secondly, we highlight the emergence of the biopolitics and modes of conduct of liberalism and neoliberalism, in the formation of what Foucault calls the modulation of typically economic modes of subjectivation. The third moment of the article is dedicated to thinking of the insurrections of the rights of the governed as strategies of resistance to the processes of governalization of life. Our concluding remarks point to the tensions of the insurrections of the ruled as a way of life contrary to the economic guidelines of governmentality and biopolitics, through what Foucault calls the spiritual politics of revolt.

Nuestro artículo busca pensar los derechos de los gobernados en Foucault como una crítica de la gubernamentalidad y la biopolítica. Se presenta una breve exposición sobre las posibles correlaciones entre la política de gubernamentalidad y los procesos de conducta producidos por las prácticas reflejadas del gobierno. Destacamos ainda el surgimiento de la biopolítica y los modos de conducta del liberalismo y el neoliberalismo, en la formación, de lo que Foucault llama la modulación del modos de subjetivación económicos. El tercer instante, es dedicado a pensar en las insurrecciones de los derechos de los gobernados como estrategias de resistencia a los procesos de gobernabilidad de la vida. Nuestras observaciones finales señalan las tensiones de las insurrecciones de los gobernados como una forma de vida contraria a las pautas económicas de la gubernamentalidad y la biopolítica, a través de lo que Foucault llama la política espiritual de la revuelta.

O evolucionismo na psicologia educacional: uma análise historiográfica / Evolutionary theory in educational psychology: a historiographical analysis

Resumo Analisa-se o discurso sobre o desenvolvimento humano veiculado em manuais de psicologia educacional destinados à formação docente. Caracteriza-se nesses discursos a presença da "teoria da recapitulação". Essa teoria, elaborada por Ernst Haeckel no campo da embriologia no final do século XIX, afirma que o indivíduo atravessa diversos estágios de desenvolvimento, que correspondem à forma adulta de seus antepassados na sequência evolutiva. Foi apropriada pela psicologia e serviu como modelo explicativo para diversos aspectos do desenvolvimento, desde as diferenças individuais e grupais na forma e no tamanho do cérebro até a evolução da linguagem e da moral. A análise recorre aos escritos de Michel Foucault acerca da análise do discurso e de Nikolas Rose a respeito da história da psicologia.

Abstract We analyze the discourse on human development in educational psychology manuals written for teacher training. "Recapitulation theory" is seen in this discourse. This theory, developed by Ersnt Haeckel in the field of embryology in the late nineteenth century, asserts that individuals pass through different development stages that correspond to the adult form of their ancestors in the evolutionary sequence. It was appropriated by psychology and served as an explanatory model for various different aspects of development, for everything from individual and group differences in the shape and size of the brain to the evolution of language and morals. The analysis refers to the writings of Michel Foucault on discourse analysis and to those of Nikolas Rose on the history of psychology.

MICHEL FOUCAULT THOUGHT DIFFUSION IN BRAZILIAN NURSING / A DIFUSÃO DO PENSAMENTO DE MICHEL FOUCAULT NA ENFERMAGEM BRASILEIRA

Objective: To describe and analyze the diffusion of Michel Foucault´s thinking in Brazilian Nursing. Method: Review conducted in 4 databases, which found 1335. articles. After applying the criteria, 78 productions were selected, which operate the concepts of Foucault as a workmode. Results: The articles are published in Brazilian and foreign journals, being a Revista Brasileira de Enfermagem the jornal that most published articles. The first article was published in 1989, noting the grown of publications thas diffuse Michel Foucault´s thinking in Nursing. The largest proportion of research was developed in the professional nursing research line. The most used Foucaultian tools were power and knowledge-power relations. For the Foucaultian domains, specify the use of concepts from the archaelogical and genealogical phases simultaneosly. Final considerations: Michel Foucault is an author whosetools have the power to explore various angles of work in nursing.

Objetivo: Descrever e analisar a difusão do pensamento de Michel Foucault na Enfermagem brasileira. Método: Revisão realizada em 4 bases de dados, onde foram encontrados 1.335 artigos. Após a aplicação dos critérios foram selecionadas 78 produções, que operam conceitos de Foucault como modo de trabalho. Resultados: O primeiro artigo foi publicado em 1989, constatando-se o crescimento das publicações que difundem o pensamento de Michel Foucault na Enfermagem. A maior proporção das pesquisas foi desenvolvida na linha de pesquisa profissional na enfermagem. As ferramentas foucaultianas mais utilizadas foram poder e relações de saber-poder. Quanto aos domínios foucaultiano, destaca-se a utilização de conceitos das fases arqueológicas e genealógicas, em simultaneidade. Considerações finais: Michel Foucault é um autor cujas ferramentas têm potência para explorar diversos ângulos do trabalho na Enfermagem.

Olhar e espaço como heterotopia na pintura de Manet: uma leitura de Michel Foucault / Glance and space as heterotopy in Manet's painting: a look on Foucault's interpretation / La Mirada y el espacio como heterotopía en lapintura de Manet: una lectura de Michel Foucault

O artigo demonstra a dimensão heterotópica do olhar e do espaço próprios à pintura de Manet. O espaço, tal como concebido por Foucault, se constitui como poder-saber, e o olhar, tal como erigido pela pintura de Manet, visibiliza as heterotopias. A metodologia consistiu na seleção e análise crítica dos textos de Foucault sobre a pintura de Manet e a heterotopia acrescida de bibliografia de comentadores voltados para a análise da pintura, da arte e da heterotopia na obra do pensador. A raridade da reflexão sistemática acerca das considerações foucaultianas sobre a pintura e o espaço concebido como "espaço outro" faz com que a demonstração do entrelaçamento entre o espaço produzido pelas pinturas de Manet e a heterotopia configure novidade na literatura dedicada ao pensador. Concluímos indicando como as discussões estéticas estão indissoluvelmente ligadas às análises do poder. Neste caminho, Foucault indica, por exemplo, que a experiência da transgressão batailliana do olhar evidencia a condição da visualidade pictórica das telas de Manet. A visibilização dos efeitos políticos do espaço e seus outros assim como da produção artística pavimenta um caminho possível para esboçar novas compreensões das relações dos corpos com os enraizamentos espaciais e seus desdobramentos subjetivos singulares...(AU)

This article demonstrates the heterotopic dimension of glance and space in Manet's painting. Space, as conceived by Foucault, is constituted as power-knowledge, and glance, as defined by Manet's painting, reveals heterotopies. The methodology consisted in the selection and critical analysis of Foucault's texts on Manet's painting and the heterotopia plus bibliography of Foucault readers focused on the analysis of painting, art and heterotopia. The rarity of the systematic reflection of the Foucauldian reflections on painting and the space conceived as different space makes the demonstration of the interweaving between the space produced by Manet's paintings and heterotopia configure novelty in the literature dedicated to the thinker. We conclude by indicating how the aesthetic discussions are inextricably linked to the analysis of power. This path that Foucault indicates, for example, that the experience of Bataillean`s transgression of gaze evidences the condition of the pictorial visuality of Manet's canvas. The visibility of the political effects of space and other effects as well as of artistic production paves the way to sketch new understandings of the relationships of bodies with spatial roots and their unique subjective unfoldings...(AU)

El artículo pretende demostrar la dimensión heterotópica de la mirada y del espacio en la pintura de Manet. El espacio concebido por Foucault se constituye un poder-saber, y la mirada erigida por la pintura de Manet visibiliza las heterotopías. La metodología consistió en la selección y análisis crítico de los textos de Foucault sobre la pintura de Manet y la heterotopía, y en la bibliografía de comentaristas dirigidos al análisis de la pintura, del arte y de la heterotopía en la obra del pensador. La rareza de la reflexión sistemática de las reflexiones foucaultianas sobre la pintura y el espacio considerado como "espacio otro" hace que la demostración del entrelazamiento entre el espacio producido por las pinturas de Manet y la heterotopía sea una novedad en la literatura dedicada al pensador. En la conclusión indicamos cómo las discusiones estéticas están indisolublemente vinculadas a los análisis del poder. En este marco, Foucault apunta, por ejemplo, que la experiencia de la transgresión batailliana de la mirada evidencia la condición de la visualidad pictórica de los lienzos de Manet. La viabilidad de los efectos políticos del espacio y sus otros, así como de la producción artística, pavimenta un camino posible para esbozar nuevas comprensiones de las relaciones de los cuerpos con los enraizamientos espaciales y sus desdoblamientos subjetivos singulares...(AU)

La ética y la medicina social: la perspectiva de Michel Foucault / Ethics and social medicine: Michel Foucault's perspective

Resumen La preocupación de Michel Foucault por la medicina, su historia y su impacto en la sociedad, es una constante en su obra. El objetivo de este trabajo es contrastar el contenido de las conferencias que Foucault impartió en Río de Janeiro, en octubre de 1974, con los materiales preparatorios de las mismas que forman parte de los fondos adquiridos por la Biblioteca Nacional de Francia. Una de las cuestiones clave en dichas conferencias es la relación entre la ética y la medicina social contemporánea. Esa cuestión, analizada desde el punto de vista de Foucault, constituye el trasfondo e interés último del presente trabajo.

Abstract Michel Foucault's preoccupation with medicine, its history and its impact on society, is a constant in his work. The goal of this study is to contrast the content of the lectures Foucault gave in Rio de Janeiro, in October 1974, with the preparatory notes for them which are part of the archival holdings acquired by the National Library of France. One of the key questions in those lectures is the relationship between ethics and contemporary social medicine. This question, analyzed from Foucault's point of view, constitutes the background and ultimate interest of this article.

The Biopolitics of Social Distancing.

As COVID-19 spreads across the globe, new technologies are being leveraged to enforce social distancing requirements. I explore social distancing through the theoretical lens of Michel Foucault's biopolitics, with an emphasis on recognizing unauthorized movement and controlling circulation. Although reporting and widely shared data visualizations about COVID-19 have made many people newly aware that their movements are being tracked and surveilled, governments are already implementing new measures such as geofencing and artificial intelligence (AI)-based facial recognition to facilitate the enforcement of social distancing. The tracking of COVID-19 spread and social distancing behaviors of the public has made more visible the practices of biopolitics but also generated new opportunities for even greater surveillance and control. The current moment offers an opportunity to shift public perceptions about data surveillance, technological control, and the racial disparities of biopower, much in the same way that public perceptions around social media shifted during and after the Arab Spring. How we collectively respond to these biopolitical processes will, in part, determine how such power relations are articulated in the future.